據(ju)公(gong)(gong)開數據(ju)，我國獸藥(yao)(yao)使用中喹(kui)諾(nuo)酮類(lei)、氯霉素、硝(xiao)基(ji)呋(fu)喃(nan)、硝(xiao)基(ji)咪唑(zuo)(zuo)等(deng)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)占比較(jiao)高。梳理分析(xi)近幾年(nian)來市場(chang)監管總(zong)局、各省(sheng)局官(guan)方網站公(gong)(gong)布的不(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)格信息，農(nong)獸藥(yao)(yao)項目不(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)格占總(zong)不(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)格比約30%。動物(wu)源性食品(pin)(pin)中獸藥(yao)(yao)殘留不(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)格品(pin)(pin)種主要涉(she)(she)及水(shui)產品(pin)(pin)(如貝類(lei)、淡水(shui)魚(yu)蝦、牛(niu)蛙等(deng))、畜(chu)禽(qin)肉(rou)及副(fu)產品(pin)(pin)(如牛(niu)肉(rou)、羊(yang)肉(rou)、豬肉(rou)、雞(ji)肉(rou)等(deng))、蛋類(lei)(如雞(ji)蛋等(deng))，不(bu)(bu)合(he)(he)格指標主要為(wei)喹(kui)諾(nuo)酮類(lei)、孔雀石綠、硝(xiao)基(ji)呋(fu)喃(nan)、磺胺(an)及增效劑、氯霉素、氟(fu)苯尼考等(deng)。還涉(she)(she)及少(shao)量的地西泮、金剛烷胺(an)、甲硝(xiao)唑(zuo)(zuo)等(deng)。

　　休(xiu)藥(yao)(yao)期：是(shi)指從動(dong)物(wu)(wu)停止給(gei)藥(yao)(yao)到動(dong)物(wu)(wu)源性(xing)食(shi)(shi)品中(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)殘(can)(can)(can)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)濃(nong)度下降(jiang)至(zhi)最高殘(can)(can)(can)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)限量(liang)以(yi)下所需的(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)，也即動(dong)物(wu)(wu)停止給(gei)藥(yao)(yao)到允許屠(tu)宰上市的(de)間(jian)(jian)隔時(shi)間(jian)(jian)。休(xiu)藥(yao)(yao)期是(shi)依據獸用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)在(zai)可食(shi)(shi)性(xing)組織的(de)殘(can)(can)(can)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)濃(nong)度及(ji)其消除規律的(de)試驗數據來確定的(de)。休(xiu)藥(yao)(yao)期隨動(dong)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)、藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類、制劑(ji)形(xing)式、用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)劑(ji)量(liang)及(ji)給(gei)藥(yao)(yao)途徑等不同而(er)有差(cha)異，短則(ze)幾個小(xiao)時(shi)，長則(ze)幾周甚至(zhi)更長。這與藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)(wu)在(zai)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)體內的(de)消除率和最高殘(can)(can)(can)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)限量(liang)有關。在(zai)休(xiu)藥(yao)(yao)期間(jian)(jian)，動(dong)物(wu)(wu)組織或(huo)產(chan)品中(zhong)存在(zai)的(de)具有毒理學意(yi)義的(de)殘(can)(can)(can)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)可逐(zhu)漸從動(dong)物(wu)(wu)體內消除，直到達到“最高殘(can)(can)(can)留(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)限量(liang)”或(huo)以(yi)下。

　　非法(fa)(fa)(fa)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)：是指為追(zhui)逐利益(yi)，快速達到(dao)成效，飼料使用(yong)的獸(shou)藥(制(zhi)劑、注射液等)不按國家標準(zhun)生產，違(wei)規(gui)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)抗菌藥、禁用(yong)獸(shou)藥、人(ren)用(yong)藥品以及(ji)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)部(bu)門(men)未批準(zhun)使用(yong)的其(qi)他化合物(wu)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)部(bu)門(men)發布過多期檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)非法(fa)(fa)(fa)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的方法(fa)(fa)(fa)，如2016年(nian)第(di)2451號(hao)公告，規(gui)定了《獸(shou)藥中非法(fa)(fa)(fa)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)甲氧芐啶(ding)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)》等5個檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)標準(zhun)，涵蓋甲氧芐啶(ding)、安(an)乃近、喹乙(yi)醇、乙(yi)酰甲喹等十余種(zhong)獸(shou)藥中非法(fa)(fa)(fa)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)藥物(wu)的檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)標準(zhun)。此外，還有針對非潑羅(luo)尼、喹諾酮(tong)、喹乙(yi)醇、磺胺(an)類、硝(xiao)基呋喃、清熱鎮(zhen)痛類等非法(fa)(fa)(fa)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)化合物(wu)的檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)。農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)部(bu)門(men)針對非法(fa)(fa)(fa)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)開展(zhan)專(zhuan)項檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)，如2020年(nian)2月農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村部(bu)關于印發《2020年(nian)獸(shou)藥質(zhi)量監(jian)督(du)抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)和(he)風險監(jian)測(ce)(ce)計劃》的通(tong)知(zhi)，明(ming)確獸(shou)藥檢(jian)(jian)驗機構應對質(zhi)量監(jian)督(du)抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)產品非法(fa)(fa)(fa)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)其(qi)他藥物(wu)進行篩查(cha)(cha)，涉(she)及(ji)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村部(bu)169號(hao)和(he)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)部(bu)公告第(di)2353號(hao)、第(di)2395號(hao)、第(di)2448號(hao)、第(di)2451號(hao)、第(di)2571號(hao)等檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)方法(fa)(fa)(fa)。相關農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)網站(如中國獸(shou)藥信息網)也會定期通(tong)報獸(shou)藥質(zhi)量監(jian)督(du)抽(chou)檢(jian)(jian)情況。

　　人(ren)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)獸(shou)(shou)用(yong)(yong)：獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)殘留是“獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)源(yuan)(yuan)性食品(pin)中(zhong)的殘留”的簡稱(cheng)，它是指動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)在使用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)治療后，藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)的原形或其代謝(xie)產(chan)物(wu)蓄積、儲存在動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)的細胞(bao)、組織或器(qi)官中(zhong)。長期食用(yong)(yong)含有獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)殘留的動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)源(yuan)(yuan)性食品(pin)會危害人(ren)體健康(kang)。而人(ren)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)獸(shou)(shou)用(yong)(yong)會導致動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)產(chan)生抗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性的機會增加，使得動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)疫情的控(kong)制(zhi)難度加大。如果人(ren)感染上了(le)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)源(yuan)(yuan)性疾病，該病原微生物(wu)很快就會對(dui)治療該病的藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)產(chan)生抗藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性。因此《獸(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)管理條例》明令禁止人(ren)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)獸(shou)(shou)用(yong)(yong)。

　　超(chao)范圍使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)：銷(xiao)售(shou)、使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)者等對(dui)獸(shou)藥(yao)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)規定不(bu)了解(jie)，或獸(shou)藥(yao)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)宣傳不(bu)夠，都可(ke)能造成(cheng)超(chao)范圍使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，如只允(yun)許使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在畜類(lei)的藥(yao)物使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)到了禽類(lei)上。超(chao)范圍使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)可(ke)能發生在農(nong)村等散小養殖場所，是農(nong)業部門嚴(yan)厲打擊的問題(ti)。

　　獸藥來源分析

　　部分獸(shou)藥(yao)生產商、養殖(zhi)戶(hu)、獸(shou)醫等法律意識淡薄。為(wei)了(le)治療疾病或(huo)提(ti)高出欄率而(er)違(wei)規使(shi)用(yong)(yong)獸(shou)藥(yao)或(huo)不遵守屠宰前的休藥(yao)期規定(ding)。為(wei)了(le)促進生長(chang)、殺菌(jun)保鮮或(huo)治療迅速奏效，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)國家明令禁(jin)止的獸(shou)藥(yao)或(huo)人藥(yao)獸(shou)用(yong)(yong)等。

　　獸藥(yao)使用(yong)(yong)標(biao)準公告(gao)宣(xuan)貫(guan)不到(dao)位(wei)、對(dui)標(biao)準理解不到(dao)位(wei)也可能造成超(chao)范圍使用(yong)(yong)或超(chao)限量(liang)使用(yong)(yong)。使用(yong)(yong)了標(biao)稱(cheng)可合(he)規使用(yong)(yong)實則違規隱性非法添加的獸藥(yao)，也會(hui)帶來無法預測的風(feng)險。

　　從過(guo)程分析，獸(shou)藥(yao)來源主要有以(yi)下幾(ji)種(zhong)情(qing)況(kuang)：在飼(si)料生產環(huan)(huan)節(jie)，飼(si)料及飼(si)料原料受獸(shou)藥(yao)污染或(huo)超量添加(jia)了抗菌藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，如(ru)肉骨粉中含有獸(shou)藥(yao);在動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)養殖環(huan)(huan)節(jie)，長期隨意使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)添加(jia)劑，藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)超范圍使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)，不遵循用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)劑量、給(gei)藥(yao)途(tu)徑、用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)部(bu)位、用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)種(zhong)類(lei)、休藥(yao)期等(deng)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)規(gui)(gui)定;在動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)運輸環(huan)(huan)節(jie)，為減(jian)少應急反應、防(fang)(fang)腐保鮮違規(gui)(gui)添加(jia)，如(ru)水(shui)產中加(jia)入孔雀石(shi)綠(lv)等(deng)以(yi)防(fang)(fang)細(xi)菌感染，也可(ke)能使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)鎮靜麻(ma)醉劑，如(ru)地(di)西泮等(deng);在動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)屠宰環(huan)(huan)節(jie)，為注(zhu)射(she)沙丁胺醇類(lei)瘦(shou)肉精提高注(zhu)水(shui)量等(deng);在食品(pin)加(jia)工環(huan)(huan)節(jie)，為防(fang)(fang)止(zhi)蚊蠅噴灑(sa)殺蟲(chong)劑等(deng)，如(ru)魚干類(lei)制品(pin)、火腿等(deng)的生產過(guo)程。另外(wai)，還(huan)需要注(zhu)意在植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)源性食品(pin)或(huo)其他(ta)加(jia)工食品(pin)中為防(fang)(fang)腐保鮮使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)如(ru)喹諾酮(tong)類(lei)化合物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)等(deng)抗生素類(lei)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)。

　　獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)殘留(liu)可在(zai)動(dong)物和人體的特定靶器官(guan)蓄積，對人體造成危(wei)害。一些抗菌藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物如(ru)喹(kui)諾酮類、磺胺類藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物、四(si)環素(su)及(ji)某些氨基糖苷類抗生素(su)會使部(bu)分人群產生過敏反應(ying)或導致細菌耐(nai)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性(xing)增加。因此(ci)，監管部(bu)門需(xu)加強(qiang)宣傳獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使用的相關法(fa)律(lv)法(fa)規(gui)，幫助(zhu)公眾(zhong)正確認識(shi)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)殘留(liu);進一步摸(mo)底和監測獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)使用，開展獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)殘留(liu)標志物識(shi)別和多種(zhong)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)同(tong)時測定等關鍵檢(jian)測技(ji)術研(yan)究;加強(qiang)獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)殘留(liu)風險防控手段，如(ru)提升獸(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)殘快檢(jian)技(ji)術和產品(pin)驗證評價體系。消費(fei)者應(ying)從(cong)正規(gui)途徑購買動(dong)物源(yuan)性(xing)食品(pin)。

　　文章(zhang)來源(yuan)：中國市場監管報

本文網址：//yhjdsj.com/xwzx/160.html